Which kind of organic fertilizer is most suitable for orchard use?
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1
Apply traditional organic fertilizer
The application of traditional organic fertilizers has been a long-standing practice. Until now, it is still the main practice for the application of basal fertilizers in most orchards in autumn and winter. The commonly used in production is manure, chicken manure, cow dung, pig manure, sheep manure and other animal manure and human waste. Wait.
Among them, sheep manure is a natural green fertilizer, containing 4% to 27% of the organic matter, more than other animal dung, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are rich in nutrients, manure is fine, fertilizer is rich, and it is a thermal fertilizer. Chicken manure is rich in nutrients, especially in chicken manure, which contains more crude protein and organic matter content of 25.5%. It can be a good green organic fertilizer by proper processing and utilization. Pig manure contains 15% of organic matter, and the total nutrient content is not high. Carbon and nitrogen are relatively small (14:1). It is easier for microorganisms to decompose and release nutrients that can be used by crops. The content of organic matter in cow dung was 14.5%. The air-dried sample contained 43.6% crude fiber and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements were close to 1%.
Due to the large amount of traditional organic fertilizer used per acre, it is necessary to dig deeply and deepen it during the application, and the labor intensity is great, which seriously affects the enthusiasm of the fruit farmer to apply base fertilizer and supplement soil organic matter in autumn. Coupled with the current aging of orchard production personnel, the application of traditional organic fertilizer has been a great challenge, affecting the sustainable production of orchards.
2
Application of commodity organic fertilizer
Using animal manure, animal and plant residues and other organic-rich by-product resources as the main raw material, the fertilizer made after decomposed fermentation is called commodity organic fertilizer. It does not include green manure, farmyard manure and organic manure that farmers themselves have accumulated.
In today's aquaculture industry, for the sake of environmental sanitation, the farm usually adds more lime, clay and other materials when handling livestock and poultry manure. This disguisedly reduces the nutrient content of animal manure as a raw material for commercial organic fertilizers. Therefore, in order to meet the Ministerial Standards of the Ministry of Agriculture, either the addition of crop straws or the addition of a certain proportion of humic acid raw materials is a common process in the production of commodity organic fertilizers, which in turn increases production costs.
Although organic-inorganic compound fertilizers are easy to produce, due to their relatively low organic matter content, if they are used as base fertilizers for fruit trees, they must be used in actual production to increase the amount, there is a large waste, and even negative effects such as burning seedlings may occur. The cost has also greatly increased.
3
Application of bio-organic fertilizer
Bioorganic manure refers to a group of microorganisms that combine specific functional microorganisms with organic materials that are mainly derived from animal and plant residues (such as livestock manure, crop stalks, etc.) and are harmlessly treated and decomposed organic materials. Fertilizer effect fertilizer. Because of the addition of beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, it can be used to decompose and use plant residues in the soil. Therefore, it is also popularly known as “fertilizerâ€.
The bio-organic fertilizer has complete nutrition elements, can improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and enhance the ability of the soil to retain water, retain fertilizer, and provide fertilizer. The beneficial microorganisms enter the soil and form a symbiotic and proliferative relationship with the microorganisms in the soil, which not only inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria, but also generates a large number of metabolites in the process of growth and reproduction, which promotes the decomposition and conversion of organic matter, and directly or indirectly provides various nutrients and stimuli for the crops. Sexual substances promote and regulate crop growth. The continuous application can greatly ease continuous cropping obstacles and reduce environmental pollution. It is an environmentally friendly fertilizer.
In production, biological fungus fertilizer with an organic matter content of more than 50% is generally recommended to use 120-150 kg per mu as a base fertilizer or top dressing, which can reduce labor input.
4
Straw returning and green fertilizer planting
The traditional practice of planting orchards generally requires the digging of deep and wide planting trenches with a width of 80 cm to fill the corn or wheat stalks in the trenches. However, today the operation has been implemented on a large-scale realization of machine harvesters and straws returning to the field. It becomes difficult to achieve.
Grass cultivation is the preferred ground management system for advanced countries and regions in Japan, Europe, and the United States. The coverage rate of grass in Japanese orchards is more than 90%, and the grass coverage in orchards in Europe, America, and other countries is also above 70%. However, the use of grass-growing system in the production of orchards in China is less. Many orchards are mainly farmed and chemical fertilizers. Weeding work is time-consuming and inefficient. Some orchards use herbicides, but they reduce the level of pollution-free production and use improperly. Can cause phytotoxicity.
The cultivation of green manure in orchards can not only increase the content of organic matter in the orchard soil, reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, regulate the soil temperature, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increase the nutrient utilization rate, but also can improve the growth status of fruit trees, increase the yield and quality of orchards, and greatly reduce the labor management intensity. , increase the economic efficiency of orchards.
After land contracted, the orchard was decomposed into a family-based business model. Because it was difficult to receive “immediate benefits†in green manure production, and the time spent on manure was greatly reduced, the proportion of intercropping of intercropping increased. This measure has not been promoted.
5
Strategy and Suggestions
In order to improve the soil physical and chemical properties, improve fruit quality, produce high-quality fruit, save labor, and achieve labor-saving and labor-saving labor, it is recommended that high-concentration organic bio-organic fertilizer with an organic matter content of 40% or more be used as base fertilizer for autumn and winter in orchard production. During the successive years, the green manure was turned over, and the fruit tree growth season was supplemented with an appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers to further optimize the types of orchard fertilizer and create a fine quality orchard.