Who is the most important biotechnology of the century?
Release date: 2014-12-10 In Silicon Valley, USA last month, scientists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier wore black dresses and won a $3 million Life Science Breakthrough Award. They have won the award for the development of a powerful and widely used genome editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9, which has been recognized as the biggest breakthrough in biotechnology in the century. The author also reported on the news last month. At the time, I also had doubts about why the well-known pioneer of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, Zhang Feng of the MIT-Harvard Broad Institute did not win. Many of the readers also have the same questions. On April 15 this year, the Broad Institute successfully applied for a patent for CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Dr. Zhang Feng is the inventor of the patent, which allows him and his research institute to control almost all of the important commercial uses related to CRISPR. So the question is coming! Why does the patent and science breakthrough awards of CRISPR fall into the hands of different people? Patent Application Form for CRISPR-Cas9 Technology The focus of the debate now is, who invented what? This involves three heavily funded startups, six universities and thousands of pages of legal documents. One of the companies is the Swiss drug research and development company CRISPR Therapeutics, co-founded by Emmanuelle Charpentier. Rodger Novak, the current CEO of CRISPR Therapeutics, said: "Intellectual property is quite complex in this area, and everyone knows that it is full of contradictions." Scientists believe that CRISPR may be the most important genetic engineering technology that has emerged since the beginning of the biotechnology era in the 1970s. The CRISPR system has the dual function of searching and replacing DNA, allowing scientists to easily change the function of DNA by replacing bases. In the past few months, scientists have confirmed that CRISPR can treat muscle atrophy, rare liver disease, and human cells to immunize HIV and other amazing functions. Although there are no CRISPR-related drugs, if the CRISPR is indeed as powerful as scientists have predicted, then its commercial control will be worth billions of dollars. Patent control is very important for startups. Several companies currently associated with CRISPR have quickly raised more than $80 million in funding to enable CRISPR to cure devastating diseases as quickly as possible. These companies are expected to conduct clinical trials in less than three years. Who is the patent of the company? Zhang Feng founded Editas Medicine with a $43 million venture capital investment. It is worth mentioning that Editas Medicine does not fully occupy CRISPR technology. This is because Jennifer Doudna, a structural biologist at the University of California, who is one of the Life Science Breakthrough Awards, is also one of the co-founders of Editas Medicine. Since the patent application of Zhang Feng was successful, she broke the relationship with the company and authorized her intellectual property (the patent still in the application) to Intellia Therapeutics, a startup that was announced last month. To make matters even more complicated, another winner, Emmanuelle Charpentier, sold her rights in the same patent to CRISPR Therapeutics. In an email interview, Jennifer Doudna said she has no connection with Editas Medicine. But she refused to answer more questions related to patents. Few researchers are willing to participate in this patent battle, and they worry that any words they say will be used by patent holders to target them. Emmanuelle Charpentier said: "The emergence of CRISPR has brought a lot of excitement, but also brought a lot of pressure. What should we continue to do, what kind of company to build? It is very chaotic for the insiders, and of course more confused for outsiders. †For academic laboratories, they are not waiting for this patent dispute to be resolved soon. Instead, they are competing to organize a strong team to further improve gene editing technology. For example, at Harvard Medical School, 30 people from George Church's team of top experts in genomics are involved in research. Zhang Feng said: "With the continuous emergence of new research results, the importance of any patent is becoming increasingly unclear. Although patents are important, in fact, I really do not pay attention to patents. The final form of any technology is to change people's life." What is the discovery process of CRISPR/Cas? CRISPR/Cas is a natural immune system found in most bacteria and archaea that can be used against invading viruses and foreign DNA. In 2012, a key article by a team led by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier revealed how the natural immune system became an editing tool. At the very least, any DNA strand can be cut in a test tube. Next, scientists need to prove whether this magical editing tool can be applied to the genome of human cells. In January 2013, the George Church Laboratory at Harvard University and Zhang Feng from the Broad Institute published an article confirming the answer to the above question is affirmative. Jennifer Doudna also published her own results a few weeks later. Subsequently, scientists realized that CRISPR may become a very flexible tool for rewriting DNA and used to treat a variety of genetic diseases such as hemophilia, rare metabolic diseases and even neurodegenerative diseases. The venture capital group quickly began convening the key scientists behind the CRISPR, patenting and founding the company. Emmanuelle Charpentier founded CRISPR Therapeutics in Europe. Jennifer Doudna previously founded Editas Medicine with Zhang Feng. After leaving Editas Medicine, she now founded a small company, Caribou Biosciences. Zhang Feng's Editas Medicine's $43 million venture capital fund comes from Third Rock Ventures, Polaris Partners and Flagship Ventures. Editas Medicine looks like a dream team in a genetic editing startup. Zhang Feng obtained a patent for CRISPR, which caused great shock In April of this year, Zhang Feng and the Broad Institute won the first patent related to CRISPR. Patent authority includes the use of CRISPR in eukaryotic cells or in any cell with a nucleus. This means that they have the power to use CRISPR in any organism other than bacteria, including mice, pigs, cows and people. The patent came out and caused a lot of shock. Because the Broad Institute spent an extra fee in less than six months and was patented, and few people knew about the arrival of the patent. The patent exceeds 1,000 pages of documents. According to Zhang Feng, Jennifer Doudna's prediction in her early patent application that CRISPR will be useful for human cells is only a conjecture; instead, he is the first to prove the surprising role of CRISPR. Many scientists are trying to get CRISPR into human cells. In fact, the ability to reproduce a technology in different organisms is the most exciting sign of this technology. As far as patents are concerned, it is clear that CRISPR will work for human cells, and Zhang Feng's invention may not be worthy of his patent. More importantly, this also makes the credit of science at the forefront. To prove that he was the first inventor, the first person to use CRISPR-Cas in human cells, Zhang Feng provided a snapshot of his lab notebook, indicating that he had established and ran CRISPR- at the beginning of 2012. Cas system. This time even earlier than Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier published their research results and submitted their own patent applications. This time means that Zhang Feng is independent of the establishment of the CRISPR-Cas editing system. In an interview, Zhang Feng affirmed that he himself discovered the application of CRISPR-Cas in human cells. When asked what he learned from the papers of Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, he said, "Not much." This patent war is not over yet! Not everyone is convinced of this result. “What we can say is that I and Jennifer Doudna did our experiments in my lab.†Emmanuelle Charpentier said that she is now a professor at the Helmholtz Infection Research Center at Hannover Medical School in Germany. “It seems very exaggerating. Because CRISPR-Cas technology is a technology that people can easily learn. Things happen too quickly." This is not the end of this patent war. Although the Broad Institute's actions are very fast, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier's lawyers hope to launch the patent proceeding in the United States, through which an inventor can take over another inventor's patent. Who wins depends on which scientist can provide experimental notes, emails or documents for an earlier date. Emmanuelle Charpentier said: "I am very convinced that this will be clarified in the future, and the final outcome of this story will be beautiful." Source: Bio-Exploration Magnesium Fluoride CAS No. 7783-40-6 Magnesium Fluoride Basic Information Blood Plus Magnesium Fluoride,Fluoride Blocks Magnesium Uptake,Fluoride Reacts With Magnesium,Magnesium Fluoride Shandong YingLang Chemical Co.,Ltd , https://www.sdylhgtrade.com
Product Name: Magnesium fluoride
CAS: 7783-40-6
MF: F2Mg
MW: 62.3
EINECS: 231-995-1
Magnesium Fluoride Chemical Properties
Melting point 1248 °C
Boiling point 2260 °C
Density 3.15 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Refractive index 1.365
Form random crystals
Color White to off-white
Specific Gravity 3.15
Water Solubility 87 mg/L (18 ºC)