Gypsophila mulching
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The mulching technique of mulching mulching covers the vegetable, tobacco, grain and other crops. It is widely used, and the economic benefits are very good. However, there are few applications in the production of cut flowers. In recent years, the cultivation area of ​​Gypsophila in plastic greenhouses in Kunming has been expanding year by year. We learn from the successful cultivation practices of many crops and constantly explored in practice. In the winter, we successfully used the mulch film to cover the cut flowers of Gypsophila in greenhouses. 1 Advantages of Covering the Gypsophila Mulch Film (1) Increase ground temperature and promote plant growth. Plastic film coverage is generally 2–4°C warmer than exposed soil, and 5–6°C in some areas. Raising the temperature of the ground will enable the full growth of the nutrition of the starry sky. The flowering time will be 10-15 days earlier. (2) Save money and save water. After the plastic film is covered, the soil moisture cannot penetrate the thin film and evaporate into the atmosphere, which can play a role in maintaining the moisture. After the film is covered, the temperature difference between the upper and lower layers of the soil temperature is large, and the deep soil moisture moves upwards through the capillary action and accumulates to lift the earthworms. Because the moisture in the soil after capping can balance the growth of the sky, the loss of water is less, which greatly reduces the irrigation water. (3) Improve the physical properties of soil and accelerate the decomposition of soil organic matter. After covering the plastic film, artificial trampling is avoided, soil compaction caused by watering is reduced, and loose soil is maintained. Due to the improvement of soil temperature and moisture conditions, it is conducive to microbial activity, accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, increase soil available nutrients, and reduce leaching and loss of soil nutrients. (4) Inhibit the growth of weeds. After covering the film, the annual weed often burns due to mulching water vapor or high temperature, so it inhibits the growth of weeds, but the quality of the cover film directly affects the effect of inhibiting weeds. Before the film is laid, the soil must be thinned and leveled. After the film is covered with the film, it will cling to the soil and cannot form large gaps. Otherwise, the growth of weeds will be promoted and the mulch will be broken by the weeds, which will not play its due role. (5) Reduce the occurrence of diseases. Due to the covering of the mulching film, the splashing of mud onto the stems and leaves due to watering is reduced, the occurrence of soil-borne diseases is reduced, and in particular the occurrence of stalk rot is greatly reduced. (6) Improve the utilization of the light energy of the stars. After the film was covered with high temperature, the roots developed rapidly and quickly, the plants grew vigorously, and the leaf area increased. Due to the light reflection effect of the film and the water droplets, the light intensity among the plants is increased, which is beneficial to photosynthesis, promotes the growth and development of the gypsophila, and improves the yield and quality. 2 Gypsophila mulch covering cultivation techniques 2.1 Soil preparation and application of basal fertilizer mulching In general, no cultivating and weeding will be carried out during the entire growing season. Therefore, it is necessary to fine-tune the soil. Before cultivating basal fertilization, apply 2000-3000kg of organic fertilizer per 100cm2 and 40kg of compound fertilizer. Evenly plow tillage is mixed with the soil and turn it over several times to make the soil finely loose. Decide whether to irrigate depending on soil moisture. The sorghum should be made into a “round sorghum†with a high slope in the middle and a gentle slope on both sides. This squat can easily tighten the mulch and make close contact with the surface. The height is 15-20cm, the width is 80-90cm, and the width of the sulcus is 40-50cm. It requires that the soil surface is flat and the soil particles are finely crushed. 2.2 The key to the success or failure of the quality of the plastic film covered film. The film should be covered immediately after completion to prevent moisture evaporation. The film can be three-fold, one is placed in front of the film, and the two are straightened on both sides. The cover is fixed and the film must be "tight, flat, and strict". 2.3 The colonization selection of the full-year starling nutritional bag seedlings was planted 3 to 5 days after the coating. Each row is planted with 2 rows with 40-50 cm spacing. If early-maturing varieties are selected, the density of colonization can be appropriately increased and the spacing between the plants can be changed to 25-30 cm. During the colonization, the plants were arranged in a misaligned manner, and the membrane was marked with a knife to form a "10" shaped planting hole. The hole should be as small as possible. After the planting, the planting hole is poured with water to “set the root waterâ€, and then the planting hole is sealed with soil, so that the planting work is completed. 2.4 Fertilizer and Irrigation Coverage Before the film is applied, delayed organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers have been applied to ensure the nutrient requirements of the various growth stages of Gypsophila. Therefore, no fertilizer is generally applied in the early stage of growth. In the middle and late stages of growth, foliar dressing may be carried out, or a small amount of inorganic fertilizer may be applied along the planting hole using a top-dressing gun. During the entire growth period of the full moon, the irrigation volume should be appropriately reduced. In the early stage, appropriate water control should be conducted to prevent premature absurdity and premature senility. In the mid-term, proper irrigation may be used according to the public opinion. During irrigation, a sharp metal tube can be placed in front of the watering hose, and the film can be inserted into the membrane obliquely by the planting hole. However, furrow irrigation can also be used, but flood irrigation should not be used, and the water should be promptly removed after furrow irrigation. If a drip irrigation system is used, two dropper tubes are used for each cull, and the dripping tube is covered under the membrane during the mulching, and the seedlings are planted along the dripping lines during colonization. In this way, watering and fertilizing can be carried out through the dropper, which is very convenient. 2.5 High-level topping and pruning Due to the use of plastic film coverage, the gypsophila grows more vigorously, and the buds sprout more. If the pruning and the buds are not timely, the branches are more and the plants grow too densely, which is not conducive to ventilation and light transmission. Invalid blind squid increased, seriously affecting the quality and yield of cut flowers. Membrane cover cultivation of the sky with high star topping technique, the use of plant apical dominance, can effectively prevent the production of Gypsophila rosettes. That is, in the process of growing Gypsophila, the conventional method of picking is not adopted. After the plants are bolted about 30 cm, the growth point is removed from the point 5-10 cm below the apex to promote the formation of the lower lateral branch. The sparse base is too sparse. Lateral branches, concentrated nutrients for the growth of buds on the upper side. The high-level topping method works best in the star-cut flower scale, allowing the nebula to bloom with high uniformity, yield and quality ratios will not be affected, and the number of rosette plants will be greatly reduced, ensuring that the stars are in full bloom. The department can produce flowers without increasing sunlight. 2.6 Set up scaffolds to prevent the gypsophila plants covered with inverted mulching film to have more florets, grow tall and robust, and produce high yields. After the beginning of flower cutting, the remaining flowering branches are easy to fall down, resulting in a decline in the yield and quality of cut flowers in the middle and later stages. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a stand to support the plants. The mesh used on the star is 1-2 times larger than the mesh of the carnation. In general, the size of 25cm25cm is more appropriate. When the net is opened, a bracket is provided every 3-5m. Both sides of the net are made of thicker nylon ropes or iron wires to pass through and tension the two ends of the raft, so that the net is fully taut. The height of the net is 25-30cm from the surface, too high to cut flowers, too low is not good fixed effect. 2.7 Diseases and Insect Pests Prevention The common pests of the gypsophila are gray mold and stem rot. After the mulching, the disease is reduced a lot, especially stem rot. At the beginning of gray mold, 50% acetaminophen or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP can be used 800-1000 times, or chlorothalonil 1000-1500 times, optionally one, once a week, even with 3 sprays. - 4 times. Stalk rot is mainly transmitted by soil, and there is no specific cure. However, due to the covering of the mulching film, the soil splashed on the base of the stem is reduced, and the incidence of stem rot disease can be greatly reduced. Once infected with the disease, the plants must be removed in a timely manner, and the soil of the planting hole and the adjacent plant rhizosphere soil were removed after the extraction with a 75% Duckesson WP 500 times solution. In the last few years, the most serious pests that are harmful to the full spectrum of the stars are the leaf laminas, which are damaged by latent leaf ropes. The mesophylls are eaten by larvae and form crooked dives, leaving only white epidermis. In severe cases, the leaves of plant leaves were eaten up and the leaves of the whole plant were yellow, and the growth of the stars was seriously impeded. At present, the better prevention and control methods for leafminers are: (1) Segregating insect sources. Nylon gauze nets were used to cover and seal the vents in greenhouses to prevent adults from flying into the sheds. This law is more effective when it is not possible to implement unified control for a family of flower farmers. (2) Yellow sticky paper card trapping. The use of yellow viscose paper can lower the density of worms in the shed, and it can induce large amounts of adult worms. At the same time, it has good effects on locusts and other pests. (3) Chemical control. At present, the newest pesticides with the best control effects are 1.8% EDF (3000 times liquid), 90% Bataan wettable powder (1000 times liquid), and 75% ciprofloxacin WP (5000 times liquid). The above pesticides were used alternately and sprayed once every 7 days. After spraying 3 times in a row, the pests were treated as key points. Note that the spraying time is before 10 o'clock in the morning and after 16 o'clock in the afternoon, the killing effect on larvae and adults is the strongest. Other insect pests on the gypsophila can be referenced to the control objects of some pesticides, which are easier to control. 2.8 Cutting flowers and fresh-keeping gypsophila cut flowers During the appropriate period of flowering, about 75% of flowers bloom in spring, and about 50% of flowers in summer and autumn are opened. If flowers are cut after the flower is cut, the flowers that are opened first are easily discolored. Because of the poor water absorption of flower branches, the stars are best to carry buckets to the field when cutting flowers. Immediately after cutting, the flowers are inserted into the bucket to allow them to absorb enough water to prevent dehydration. The sky-sheared stars in the field are packaged in a timely manner and entered the market as soon as possible or into the cold storage.