Pepper hybrid seed production technology
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Chili pepper alias pepper, spicy, hot pepper, Qin pepper and so on. An annual herb for Solanaceae. The natural hybrid rate is 10%, which is a common cross-pollination crop. The heterosis of peppers is strong, showing high yield, good quality, strong resistance to stress, and it is deeply loved by farmers. The planting area of ​​hybrid peppers has increased year by year, and it has entered the price range for large-scale commodity production. In order to obtain high-quality hybrid seeds, we have conducted many years of experimental research, and we now summarize artificial hybrid seed production techniques as follows: 1. Strict isolation. Although pepper is a common cross-pollination crop, and pollen is less likely to transmit with wind, the pepper is very attractive to insects and can easily cause biological confusion and affect seed quality. Therefore, the distance between the pepper-growing field and other pepper varieties is more than 500 meters. 2, suitable for sowing. The optimum temperature for the germination of pepper pollen is 20-25°C, so it is necessary to cultivate seedlings of the appropriate age by adjusting the sowing date and controlling the temperature. To enable the parents to reach the flowering stage in the appropriate period of cross-breeding, cold-bed nursery can be used. Early-maturing and mid-maturing varieties are planted in early 11th, and late-maturing varieties are sown in mid-late-October to make them very good in the middle and late May. Blooming and smooth pollination. 3, seedbed management and colonization. Parents were planted in nutrient bowls in mid-December and cultivated in bed until late February. Observe the growth of the father and ask the father to flower earlier than the mother. If the paternal growth is slow, the bed temperature should be increased by reducing the number of ventilations and time, or the father is called to strengthen the management in the plastic shed to promote development. If the electric hotbed is used, the temperature can be properly controlled and the ideal seedling age can be achieved. Planting period should generally be after the late frost period, the temperature rises and is stable, otherwise it is prone to frost damage. The calibration should be done on a sunny day and when the soil is dry. The root water should be poured immediately after planting. The planting density is closely related to the variety. The maternal planting distance should be dilute. Generally, width and row are 75--80 cm in width, 40--45 cm in narrow rows, and 35--40 cm in plant spacing. The proportion of parental cultivation is generally 1:3. 4, field management 4.1 top dressing. The top dressing of peppers should be based on the characteristics of the different stages of growth. The first is to apply basal fertilizer, which is generally based on manure, 60,000 to 75,000 kilograms per hectare, or 3,000 kilograms of cooked cake fat. Second, the light application of Miaofei before flowering, generally 7--10 days after planting, you can topdressing manure steadily, the concentration of fertilizer solution should be low, with a rare as well. third. Stable fertilization before pollination to promote plant branching, flowering, fruit setting. 7500 kg of dilute livestock manure can be applied per hectare, plus 150 kg of N, P and K compound fertilizers. The fourth is to re-apply fruit fertilizer in order to ensure sufficient expansion of the fruit and the need for seed development. Generally, 375 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per hectare and 150 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are added. 4.2 Irrigation. Do not irrigate frequently in the early stage to avoid low temperature and affect the normal growth of the early seedlings. Later in the hot and dry season, irrigation should be performed in the evening. The chili pepper is afraid of water, so it is necessary to pay attention to the irrigation and row irrigation, irrigation water should not diffuse over the surface, irrigation can be appropriate fertilizer. 4.3 Prevention and control of pests and diseases. Common pests and diseases of pepper seed production include scab, virus disease, epidemic disease and anthracnose. The pests include tobacco budworm, Spodoptera litura and cotton bollworm. The control methods are the same as conventional cultivation, and the drug concentration may be slightly higher. 4.4 go to miscellaneous and inferior. The removal of miscellaneous strains and inferior strains is the most important task before the beginning of pepper pollination. Follow the principle of rather unplugging and indiscretion, completely remove impure strains, mutant strains, and diseased strains to ensure the purity of both parents. Otherwise, the incorporation of a strain of the strain can cause irreparable damage. 5, emasculation and pollination 5.1 mother plant finishing. Before de-male pollination, the female plants must be rearranged, all the flowers that have been opened on the plants should be removed, and pruning should be carried out at the same time to remove all branches and internal thin and poorly developed shoots. 5.2 The mother is emasculated. The maternal plants began to cross when they were growing long. It is best to select the flower buds that will bloom the next day from the 2- to 4-layer flowers. After 5 o'clock in the afternoon, emasculate with a pointed tweezers. Clip the six stamens and avoid hurting the stigma and ovary. Can also be used to leave the half-crown, no method of corolla, castration speed, the result rate is higher. 5.3 Father's sampling. On the morning of pollination or the morning of 7-10 days of the day, mature, uncracked anthers were collected and dried in a desiccator for pollination purposes. 5.4 Artificial pollination. Generally, it is advisable to use 7 to 10 hours in the morning. You can use a brush or rubber head to dip the pollen and gently apply it to the stigma that has been cast. In the event of rain, pollination is repeated 1 time after the rain. In order to prevent false hybrids, the tips of the pedicel bases can be removed during hybridization. After the fruit is set, the sessile line is marked with a single color line. Generally, 30--50 flowers are pollinated per plant, and the results are about 20 or so. Plants grow large, and the results can also stay strong. 6, fruit harvesting and seed collection. About 50-70 days after pollination, the fruit can be harvested when it is fully ripe. Before harvesting, the mixed strains should be removed again. When harvesting, look at the mark and only collect the marked fruit, and be sure to prevent mechanical mixing; The harvested fruit is sunned for one day in the sun, making the fruit soft and easy to take. The removed seeds should be immediately dried, otherwise they will turn gray, black and lose luster, affecting the quality of seed appearance. China Agricultural Network Editor