Cabbage spring cultivation techniques

Chinese cabbage is cultivated mostly in the autumn and is cultivated less in the spring. However, with the development of the annual supply of vegetable varieties and the improvement of people's living standards in the past 10 years, the demand for the annual supply of Chinese cabbage has become increasingly urgent. In addition, spring sowing cabbage has the characteristics of labor saving, low cost, short time for land occupation, and good economic benefits, which has attracted the attention of all parties. Domestic and foreign breeders have done a lot of work in the breeding of spring sowing varieties, and cultivated a number of special varieties for spring sowing, so that the planting area of ​​spring sowing cabbage is getting bigger and bigger. In recent years, it has developed rapidly in Shandong, Henan, Tianjin, and Beijing. (1) The problems in the production of spring-seeded Chinese cabbage The weather conditions encountered in spring planting cabbages are contrary to those in autumn sowing. The temperature during planting is low and the growth period is higher and later, which is inconsistent with the growth habit of traditional Chinese cabbage. . This has brought the following problems to the production of spring sowing Chinese cabbage: 1 Problems of early convulsions Cabbage passes through the vernalization stage at low temperatures and twitches and blossoms under long-day conditions. After germination, Chinese cabbage seeds may receive vernalization at low temperature at any time. The required low temperature is not strict, and most varieties can pass under 15°C for 15 to 20 days. Although autumn sowing cabbage has passed the vernalization stage before winter, but because of the low temperature, flower buds are tightly wrapped in the leaves of the ball over the winter, not twitching flowers. The spring sowing of Chinese cabbage is different. If the wrong variety is used, the sowing date will not be properly grasped. In spring, the temperature will be low and the seedling stage will pass through the vernalization stage. As the sunshine lengthens and the temperature rises, Chinese cabbage will not pass through the nodule period. And directly into the reproductive growth stage, convulsions, flowering, and fruitful. The emergence of this early twitching phenomenon cannot achieve the purpose of harvesting leaf balls. Therefore, whether it can solve the problem of early convulsions is the key to the success of spring cabbage. 2 Diseases and pests problems Spring sowing Cabbage grows later, the temperature rises gradually, sometimes the rainfall will increase too. The conditions of high temperature and humidity are encountered at the balling-in stage, causing serious occurrence of pests and diseases. The main diseases are downy mildew, soft rot, and viral diseases. In particular, soft rot occurs seriously. Some spring-seeded Chinese cabbages often have the same disease as the outer leaves are intact and the cabbages are rotted into paste at the late growth stage. After entering May, a large number of roundworms have occurred. In addition to directly harming the plants, the cabbage leaves have also been seriously polluted by the excreta of the aphids, resulting in greatly reduced yield and quality. In the early stage of spring sowing of Chinese cabbage, due to spring drought and windy weather, the amount of soil moisture evaporates. Dry soil and air conditions often cause the edge of the leaves to appear necrotic. Therefore, the serious occurrence of pests and diseases is also an important factor restricting the development of spring sowing cabbage. 3Problems during the supply period The spring sown Chinese cabbage supply market in the open season is about 15 days from mid-June to late June. If you do not harvest in time from the end of June to the beginning of July, you will not be able to extend the supply period. Instead, it will increase the convulsive rate and cause a lot of decay. However, centralized harvesting is not conducive to the staging of the market. (2) Cultivation Techniques If spring sowing Chinese cabbage is to achieve ideal yield and quality, it must take corresponding measures to solve the problems existing in production and achieve the purpose of increasing production and income. 1 Choosing a suitable variety The cultivation of Chinese cabbage in spring is limited by the limited climatic conditions suitable for its growth, and it is susceptible to the differentiation of flower buds in the early stage due to low temperature, and it is difficult to form leaf balls due to the influence of high temperature and long days at the later stage. Therefore, spring sowing cabbage must be selected early precocious special varieties with low temperature tolerance, late heat resistance, and short growing period. In addition, due to the influence of climatic conditions, spring sowing Chinese cabbage does not have the same growth period as the Chinese cabbage in autumn. Therefore, the outer leaves and the growth rate of the bulbs are selected, and the ball-balling period is short, before the arrival of the hot season. Can be more favorable varieties of the package. In recent years, a series of spring planting varieties have been cultivated at home and abroad for the development of spring sowing Chinese cabbage. At present, the varieties that are suitable for spring sowing have the latest promotion guaranteed by the Institute. The seeds used are of higher purity and new seeds are needed. Chen seeds are easy to twitch. 2 Select the appropriate sowing date Spring sowing cabbage early sowing temperature is low, easy to pass vernalization, emergence of unripe convulsions, and the risk of seedlings frozen. Late sowing, although not easy to twitch, but the summer temperature is high, more than the average daily temperature of 25 °C above, it is difficult to form a leaf ball, and the latter serious pests, along with the soft rot disease after the onset of the rainy season, there is the danger of destruction of the whole field. Therefore, we must strictly control the sowing period for spring sowing cabbage, which is the key to the success of spring sowing cabbage. Appropriate sowing time generally requires the daily average temperature of seedlings above 13°C to avoid vernalization and early bolting. The bulbous period should be before the arrival of 25 °C, so that the growth rate of the leaf ball exceeds the speed of the growth of the flower stem to ensure the quality of the leaf ball. The specific time should be determined according to the weather records of the local calendar year. 3 Insulation Seedlings In order to avoid seedlings encountering low temperatures, early bolting occurs through vernalization to ensure that the seedlings have a higher temperature, and the bulbous stage has conditions suitable for the growth and enrichment of the leaf bulbs. Yangshuo, awning or sunlight can be used. The cultivation of greenhouses and other protected areas can increase the growth period by about one month, which can not only be affected by the early low temperature, but also avoid the high temperature in the later period. This is an important measure for the successful sowing of cabbage in spring. In the use of protective ground nursery should pay attention to the bed temperature during the day can reach 20 ~ 25 °C, at night when the minimum is not less than 13 °C. When the average daily temperature of the outside world reaches 5°C, thermal insulation equipment such as plastic film and grasshopper can be used for sowing. When sowing should also pay attention to the local planting time, so as not to encounter low temperatures after planting caused by the phenomenon of premature bolting. The seedling age of spring sowing cabbage is about 30 days. In general, convulsions can be avoided only if the outside air temperature can stably pass 13°C or higher after planting. Therefore, we must calculate the appropriate age of the local seedlings and calculate the appropriate sowing date. In order to shorten the period of seedling sowing, it is best to use seedlings with a diameter of 7 to 10 centimeters and to cultivate 4 to 5 leaves of strong seedlings to avoid transplanting roots. If seedlings are planted directly on the seedbed, they should be sowed by the cutting party and not overly dense so as not to cause seedlings to grow. 4 The land to be planted in spring sowing cabbage should be selected in the field where cabbage has not been planted in autumn, and plowed and sun-heated before winter. After thawing in early spring, 3,000 to 4,500 kilograms of decomposed fertilisers are used as basal fertilizer, and plowing is performed once again to make the soil mixed. And evenly. Then do the trick. When the outside temperature stabilizes at 13°C, the minimum temperature at night will still be less than 10°C. Cabbage will also pass vernalization and cause convulsions. If mulching is used, cover the ground and cover the ground to increase the ground temperature by 2~5°C, which can effectively reduce the rate of early bolting. At the same time, the cover film can retain water and reduce the cooling caused by watering; it can also reduce the damage of field weeds in the later period. Spring sowing cabbages are mostly early maturing varieties. When planting, the planting density should be appropriately increased. Generally, the width of 1.2 meters in width is 2 rows and the spacing is about 40 centimeters. 5 field management Spring sowing cabbage watering principle is less pre-casting, late pouring. In the early period, the ground temperature is lower, less watering can avoid lowering the ground temperature, which is beneficial to the growth of Chinese cabbage roots; more watering later, can fully supply the Chinese cabbage when the water is needed, but pay attention to the quality of watering each time you water the water. The amount of water should not be so great as to prevent rot. Planting can also be used when ditching irrigation methods to avoid excessive water. After two or three days, it can be used once again to sow the seedlings once again, and then they can protect the roots and promote root growth. Spring sowing Chinese cabbage cultivation does not carry out seedlings, and the rosette period develops rapidly. At the same time, the weather in spring is dry and there is less rainfall, and the soil evaporation is large, so it is not appropriate to control the water excessively. However, the amount of water should not be too much, so as not to reduce the temperature. The lack of water is the most unfavorable at the start of the filling process. Watering is usually done every 4 days, and irrigation is selected in the early morning or early evening. In order to avoid the spread of soft rot, in particular to control the amount of water, the water can be to Shantou, should not flood irrigation. Spring sowing Chinese cabbage has a short growing period. It is necessary to strengthen water and fertilizer management in the early, middle and late stages of leaf ball growth to promote the rapid development of the spherules and to strive for vegetative growth rates that exceed the rate of reproductive growth. The leaves can be successfully formed before the high temperature rainy season. In addition to the use of basal fertilization, it should also pay attention to early application of top dressing, after the establishment of slow-onset seedlings after dressing, can be applied to human fecal urine once again, 2700 ~ 800 kg per 667 meters. After topdressing 2 to 3 times of fertilizer, each time 667 meters 2 ammonium sulfate 10 ~ 15 kg. Do not apply human excreta during the high temperature period so as not to increase the occurrence of diseases. Spring sowing Chinese cabbage should pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids and soft rot, especially in the ridge before completely eliminating the harm of aphids. In the prevention and control of diseases and diseases, we must pay attention to the combination of cultivation and prevention and chemical control, and strengthen the management of cultivation. Chemical control is the same as prevention and treatment of autumn cabbage. The spring sowing cabbage must be timely harvested after ripening, do not delay in order to reduce the loss of decay.

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